Medicina interna ¿Prescribimos los cambios en el estilo de vida con el mismo rigor que los medicamentos antihipertensivos? Eficacia comparativa en el campo de la hipertensión arterial
Referencias
Writing Committee Members*; Jones
DW, Ferdinand KC, Taler SJ, Johnson HM, Shimbo D, Abdalla M, et al. 2025
AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/NMA/PCNA/SGIM Guideline for the
Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in
Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2025
Sep 16;152(11):e114-e218. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001356. Epub 2025 Aug 14.
Erratum in: Circulation. 2025 Nov 11;152(19):e403. DOI:
10.1161/CIR.0000000000001396.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
(NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in
treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201
population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021
Sep 11;398(10304):957-980. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1. Epub 2021 Aug
24. Erratum in: Lancet. 2022 Feb 5;399(10324):520. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00061-7. PMID: 34450083; PMCID: PMC8446938.
Brouwers S, Sudano I, Kokubo Y,
Sulaica EM. Arterial hypertension. Lancet. 2021 Jul 17;398(10296):249-261. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00221-X.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Factors in Women: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity: A Scientific Statement From
the American Heart Association. Mehta LS, Velarde GP, Lewey J, et al. Circulation. 2023;147(19):1471-1487.
DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001139.
Yu G, Chen P, Sun C, Liu P. The
global burden of aortic aneurysm attributable to hypertension from 1990 to
2021: Current trends and projections for 2050. PLoS One. 2025 Jul
18;20(7):e0327830. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327830.
Jaiswal V, Chowdhury F, Mashkoor
Y, Nasir YM, Garimella V, Eynde JVD, Huang HYR, Hanif M, Kalra K, Aronow W,
Fonarow GC. Global and Regional Trends in Hypertensive Heart Disease-Related
Mortality: Insight from World Health Organization Database. Am J Cardiol. 2025
Dec 15;257:253-262. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2025.09.025.
Prevalence Rate of Hypertension
In Adults Aged 30-79 Prevalence of hypertension (defined as having systolic
blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or taking
medication for hypertension) among adults aged 30-79. Source World Health
Organization - Global Health Observatory (2025) – processed by Our World in
Data
Arima H, Barzi F, Chalmers J.
Mortality patterns in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2011 Dec;29 Suppl 1:S3-7. DOI:
10.1097/01.hjh.0000410246.59221.b1. PMID: 22157565.
Ordunez P, Campbell NRC, DiPette
DJ, Jaffe MG, Rosende A, Martinez R et al.
HEARTS in the Americas: Targeting Health System Change to Improve Population
Hypertension Control. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024 Apr;26(4):141-156. DOI:
10.1007/s11906-023-01286-w.
DiPette DJ, Goughnour K, Zuniga
E, Skeete J, Ridley E, Angell S. Standardized treatment to improve hypertension
control in primary health care: The HEARTS in the Americas Initiative. J Clin
Hypertens (Greenwich). 2020 Dec;22(12):2285-2295.DOI: 10.1111/jch.14072.
Community-Based Model for Management
and Follow-Up by Non-Physician Healthcare Workers to Improve Awareness,
Treatment, and Control of Hypertension: The COTRACO Study Protocol. Lora Mantilla AJ, Parra Gomez LA,
Camacho-López PA, et al. Heliyon.
2025;11(2):e41726. DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41726.
Zhang Y, Yin L, Mills K, Chen J,
He J, Palacios A, et al. L.
Cost-effectiveness of a Multicomponent Intervention for Hypertension Control in
Low-Income Settings in Argentina. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2122559.
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22559.
Brant LCC, Miranda JJ, Carrillo-Larco RM, Flood D, Irazola V, Ribeiro
ALP. Epidemiology of cardiometabolic health in Latin
America and strategies to address disparities. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024
Dec;21(12):849-864. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01058-2.
Avezum Á, Drager LF, Reiker T,
Bigoni A, Leonel LP, Abreu A, et al.
An Intersectoral Approach to Hypertension Care: Solutions for Improving Blood
Pressure Control in São Paulo, Brazil. Am J Hypertens. 2024 Apr
15;37(5):366-378. DOI:: 10.1093/ajh/hpae005. Erratum in: Am J Hypertens. 2024 Apr 15;37(5):380-381DOI:
10.1093/ajh/hpae019.
Spennato M, Lynch S, Pagano G,
Alfonso JM, Castiello G, Mallio A, et al.Consenso Argentino de Hipertensión Arterial 2025. Revista
Argentina De Cardiología. Agosto 2025 Vol. 93 SUPL. 10 ISSN 0034-7000 www.rac.sac.org.ar.
Carey
RM, Moran AE, Whelton PK. Treatment of Hypertension: A Review. JAMA. 2022 Nov
8;328(18):1849-1861. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.19590.
McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM,
Brouwers S,. Canavan MD, Ceconi C, Christodorescu RM et al. Guía ESC 2024 sobre el manejo de la presión arterial
elevada y la hipertensión - Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Disponible en: https://n9.cl/kwxyw9
McGuire HL,
Svetkey LP, Harsha DW, Elmer PJ, Appel LJ, Ard JD. Comprehensive
lifestyle modification and blood pressure control: a review of the PREMIER
trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004 Jul;6(7):383-90. DOI:
10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03147.x. Erratum in: J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004
Oct;6(10):568. Elmer, Patrick J [corrected to Elmer, Patricia J].
Blumenthal
JA, Sherwood A, Smith PJ, Mabe S, Watkins L, Lin PH, et al. Lifestyle
modification for resistant hypertension: The TRIUMPH randomized clinical trial.
Am Heart J. 2015 Nov;170(5):986-994.e5.DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.08.006.
Tian
Z, Vollmer Barbosa C, Lang H, Bauersachs J, Melk A, Schmidt BMW. Efficacy of
pharmacological and interventional treatment for resistant hypertension: a
network meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Res. 2024 Feb 27;120(1):108-119. DOI:
10.1093/cvr/cvad165.
Naci
H, Salcher-Konrad M, Dias S, Blum MR, Sahoo SA, Nunan D, et al. How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive
medications? A network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials
assessing exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure. Br J
Sports Med. 2019 Jul;53(14):859-869. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099921.
Noone
C, Leahy J, Morrissey EC, Newell J, Newell M, Dwyer CP, et al. Comparative efficacy of exercise and anti-hypertensive
pharmacological interventions in reducing blood pressure in people with hypertension:
A network meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 Feb;27(3):247-255. DOI:
10.1177/2047487319879786.
Onwuzo C, Olukorode JO, Omokore
OA, Odunaike OS, Omiko R, Osaghae OW, Sange W, Orimoloye DA, Kristilere HO, Addeh
E, Onwuzo S, Omoragbon L. DASH Diet: A Review of Its Scientifically Proven
Hypertension Reduction and Health Benefits. Cureus. 2023 Sep 4;15(9):e44692. DOI:
10.7759/cureus.44692..
Chiavaroli L, Viguiliouk E, Nishi
SK, Blanco Mejia S, Rahelić D, Kahleová H, Salas-Salvadó J, Kendall CW,
Sievenpiper JL. DASH Dietary Pattern and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: An Umbrella Review
of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 5;11(2):338. DOI:
10.3390/nu11020338.
Martínez-González MA, Hernández HernándezA. Efecto de la dieta mediterránea en la
prevención cardiovascular. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2024;
77: 574-582.DOI:10.1016/j.recesp.2024.01.013.
Filippou C, Thomopoulos C,
Konstantinidis D, Siafi E, Tatakis F, Manta E, Drogkaris S, Polyzos D,
Kyriazopoulos K, Grigoriou K, Tousoulis D, Tsioufis K. DASH vs. Mediterranean
diet on a salt restriction background in adults with high normal blood pressure
or grade 1 hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2023
Oct;42(10):1807-1816. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.011.
US Preventive Services Task
Force; Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et
al. Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical
Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular
Risk Factors: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA.
2020 Nov 24;324(20):2069-2075. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.21749. PMID: 33231670..
JAMA. 2020 Nov 24;324(20):2069-2075. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.21749.
Barone Gibbs B, Hivert MF, Jerome
GJ, Kraus WE, Rosenkranz SK, Schorr EN, et
al.American Heart Association Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic
Health; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical
Cardiology. Physical Activity as a Critical Component of First-Line Treatment
for Elevated Blood Pressure or Cholesterol: Who, What, and How?: A Scientific
Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2021
78(2):e26-e37. DOI: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000196.
Saladini F. Effects of Different
Kinds of Physical Activity on Vascular Function. J Clin Med. 2023 Dec
27;13(1):152. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010152.
McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM,
Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2024
ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension.
Eur Heart J. 2024 Oct 7;45(38):3912-4018. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178.
Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2025 Apr 7;46(14):1300. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf031.
Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2025 Dec 1;46(45):4949. DOI:
10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf659.
Cornelissen VA, Smart NA.
Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J
Am Heart Assoc. 2013 Feb 1;2(1):e004473. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004473.
Edwards JJ, Deenmamode AHP,
Griffiths M, Arnold O, Cooper NJ, Wiles JD, O'Driscoll JM. Exercise training
and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of
randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2023 Oct;57(20):1317-1326. DOI:
10.1136/bjsports-2022-106503.
Nocon M, Hiemann T,
Müller-Riemenschneider F, Thalau F, Roll S, y et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and
cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J
Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Jun;15(3):239-46. DOI:
10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f55e09.
Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al.
World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary
behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Dec;54(24):1451-1462. DOI:
10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955.
Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, Watkins LL, Craighead L, Lin
PH, Caccia C, Johnson J, Waugh R, Sherwood A. Effects of the DASH diet alone
and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and
cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE
study. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jan 25;170(2):126-35. DOI:
10.1001/archinternmed.2009.470.
McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group.
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and
hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024 Oct 7;45(38):3912-4018.DOI:
10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2025 Apr 7;46(14):1300. DOI:
10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf031. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2025 Dec 1;46(45):4949. DOI
10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf659.
Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe SW, Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Rehm J. The
effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017 Feb;2(2):e108-e120. DOI:
10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30003-8.
Unger T, Borghi C,
Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global
Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020 Jun;75(6):1334-1357. DOI:
10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026.
Briasoulis A, Agarwal V, Messerli FH. Alcohol
consumption and the risk of hypertension in men and women: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012 Nov;14(11):792-8. DOI:
10.1111/jch.12008. Epub 2012 Sep 25. PMID: 23126352; PMCID: PMC8108791.
Castaldo
G, Cereda F, Carbone F, et al. Should we remove wine from the Mediterranean
diet?: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2023 Jul 26;15(15):3327.
Reitsma MB, et al. Effects of smoking cessation
on lipid profile and body weight in the general population: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Apr 17;168(8):585-601.
Virdis A, Santoro D, Russo Y, Duranti E, Anselmi C,
Rossi B. Smoking cessation and blood pressure: An unresolved paradox.
Hypertension. 2021 Jul;78(1):37-45. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14583
Kim KH, Kim JS,Hwang IC, Lee HS,Park JB,Lee JM et alImpact of sustained
smoking cessation on mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in
patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Mar 1;79(9):839-847.DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012
Moheimani RS, Bhetraratana
M, Peters KM. Yang Z, Yin F. Gornbein
J.Increased
cardiovascular disease risk in electronic cigarette users: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2019 Oct 29;140(18):e702-e705.DOI:
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044066
Maron BA, Leopold J.A,
Loscalzo J. Secondary causes of hypertension in clinical practice: an approach to
diagnosis and management. Circulation. 2021 Sep 14;144(11):e272-e289.DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053805.
Hughes J.W, Lovering M.E,
Harkness A, Kashani M., Kwon S,Eckert T, et al. Effect of mindfulness-based interventions on people with prehypertension
or hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024 Feb 14;24(1):64. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03730-z
Mancia G, Parati G, Bilo
G, Giannattasio C, Grassi G.Management of
hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2023
Mar;25(3):209-221.DOI: 10.1111/jch.14631
NOTA:Toda la información que se brinda en este artículo es de carácter investigativo y con fines académicos y de actualización para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. En ningún caso es de carácter general ni sustituye el asesoramiento de un médico. Ante cualquier duda que pueda tener sobre su estado de salud, consulte con su médico o especialista.
Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Elaborado por el Centro de Análisis de Imágenes Biomédicas Computarizadas CAIBCO, caibco@ucv.ve
Este portal ha sido desarrollado gracias al apoyo del Fonacit
