Julio- Septiembre 2005 N°24
DOI:10.70024 / ISSN 1317-987X
 
Buscar




Artículos
 
Introducción
Methods
Discussion
Results
References



Bioquímica cerebral
1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Assessment of the Effects of Rivastigmine on Patients with moderate Alzheimer Disease

References

  1. Alzheimer A.Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allg Zeitschr Psychiatr 1907; 64: 146-148
  2. Alzheimer A. Über eigenartige Krankheitsfalle des späteren Alters. Zeitschr ges Neurol Psych 1911; 4: 356-385
  3. Blessed G, Tomlinson B, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile changes in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Brit. J. Psych. 1968; 14: 797-811.
  4. Doraiswamy P, Chen J, Charles H. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy: role in assessing outcomes in Alzheimerís disease. CNS Drugs 2000; 14:457-472.
  5. Chen J, Charles H, Barboriak D, Doraiswamy P. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimerís disease: focus on N-acetylaspartate. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2000; 176:20-26.
  6. Brand A, Richter-Landsberg C, Leibfritz D. Multinuclear NMR studies on the energy metabolism of glial and neuronal cells. Dev Neurosci 1993; 15: 289?298.
  7. Urenjak J, Williams SR, Gadian D, Noble M. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. J Neurosci 1993:13:981?989.
  8. Bitsch A, Bruhn H, Vougioukas V, Stringaris A, Lassmann H, Frahm J, Brück W. Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20:1619?1627.
  9. Ross B, Michaelis T. Clinical applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance Quarterly 1994; 10: 191?247.
  10. Kumar A, Kaushik S, Tripathi R, Kaur P, Khushu S: Role of in vivo proton MR spectroscopy in the evaluation of adult brain lesions: Our preliminary experience. Neurology India 2003; 51:474-478.
  11. Klunk W, Panchalingam K, Moosy J, Mc Clure R, Pettegrew J. N-acetyl-L-aspartate and other amino acid metabolites in Alzheimerís disease brain: a preliminary proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. Neurology 1992; 42:1578?1585.
  12. Shonk T, Moats R, Gifford P, Michaelis T, Mandigo J, Izumi J, Ross B. Probable Alzheimer disease: diagnosis with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1995; 195: 65?72.
  13. Meyerhoff D, MacKay S, Norman D, Van Dyke C, Fein G, Weiner M. Axonal injury and membrane alterations in Alzheimerís disease suggested by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Ann Neurol 1994; 36:40?47.
  14. Kwo-On-Yuen P, Newmark R, Budinger T, Kaye J, Ball M, Jagust W. Brain N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid in Alzheimerís disease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain Res 1994; 667:167?174.
  15. Tsai G, Coyle J. N-acetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 1995; 46:531?540.
  16. Jessen F, Block W, Träber F, Keller E, Flacke S, Papassotiropoulos A, Lamerichs R, Heun R, Schild H. Proton MR spectroscopy detects a relative decrease of N-acetyl aspartate in the medial temporal lobe of patients with AD. Neurology 2000; 55:684?688
  17. Kantarci K, Jack C, Xu Y, Campeau N, O?Brien P, Smith G, Ivnik R, Boeve B, Kokmen E, Tangalos E, Petersen R. Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimerís disease: a 1H MRS study. Neurology 2000; 55:210?217
  18. Schuff N, Capizzano A, Du A, Amend D, O?Neill J, Norman D, Kramer J, Jagust W, Miller B, Wolkowitz O, Yaffe K, Weiner M. Selective reduction of N-acetylaspartate in medial temporal and parietal lobes in AD. Neurology 2002; 58:928?935.
  19. Jobst K, Smith A, Szatmari M, Molyneux A, Esiri M, King E, Smith A, Jaskowski A, McDonald B, Wald N. Detection in life of confirmed Alzheimer's disease using a simple measurement of medial temporal lobe atrophy by computed tomography, Lancet 1992; 340: 1179?1183.
  20. Jobst K, Smith A, Szatmari M, Esiri M, Jaskowski A, Hindley N, McDonald B, Molyneux A. Rapidly progressing atrophy of medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1994; 343: 829?830.
  21. Braak H, Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18: 351?357.
  22. Braak H, Braak E, Bohl J. Staging of Alzheimer-related cortical destruction. Eur Neurol 1993; 33: 403?408.
  23. Delacourte A, David JP, Sergeant N, Buee L, Wattez A, Vermersch P, Ghozali F, Fallet-Bianco C, Pasquier F, Lebert F, Petit H, Di Menza C. The biochemical pathway of neurofibrilliary degeneration in aging and Alzheimerís disease. Neurology 1999; 52: 1158?65.
  24. Jack C, Petersen R, Xu Y, Waring S, O?Brien P, Tangalos E, Smith G, Ivnik R, Kokmen E. Medial temporal atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild Alzheimerís disease. Neurology 1997; 49: 786?94.
  25. Nagy Z, Hindley N, Braak H, Braak E, Yilmazer-Hanke D, Schultz C, Barnetson L, King E, Jobst K, Smith A. The progression of Alzheimerís disease from limbic regions to the neocortex: clinical, radiological and pathological relationships. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 115?20.
  26. Ernst T, Kreis R, Ross B. Absolute quantitation of water and metabolites in the human brain. I. Compartments and water. J Magn Reson 1993; 102: 1?8.
  27. Kreis R, Ernst T, Ross B. Absolute quantitation of water and metabolites in the human brain. II. Metabolite concentrations. J Magn Reson 1993; 102: 9?19.
  28. Schuff N, Amend D, Ezekiel F, Steinmann S, Tanabe J, Norman D, Jagust W, Kramer J,. Mastrianni J, Fein G, Weiner M. Changes of Hippocampal N-Acetyl Aspartate and Volume in Alzheimerís Disease: A Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging and MRI Study. Neurology, 1997; 49: 1513-1521.
  29. Scott S, DeKosky S, Sparks D, Knox C, Scheff S. Amygdala cell loss and atrophy in Alzheimerís disease. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 555?563
  30. Leuba G, Kraftsik R. Visual cortex in Alzheimerís disease: occurrence of neuronal death and glial proliferation, and correlation with pathological hallmarks. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15: 29?43.
  31. Heun R, Tintera J, Gawehn J, Graf-Morgenstern M, Schlegel S, Stöter P. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Dementia of Alzheimer Type. Inter J Geriatric Psychiatry 1997; 12: 349-358
  32. Steffens D. MRI and MRS in dementia In: Krishnan K and Doraiswamy P, Editors, Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry, Marcel Dekker, New York (1997), pp. 503?533.
  33. Ernst T, Chang L, Melchor R and Mehringer C. Frontotemporal dementia and early Alzheimer disease: differentiation with frontal lobe 1H MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1997:203; 829?836.
  34. Huang W, Alexander G, Chang L, Shetty H, Krasuski J, Rapoport S , Schapiro M. Brain metabolite concentration and dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease: A (1)H MRS study. Neurology 2001; 57:626?632.
  35. Parnetti L, Tarducci R , Presciutti O, Lowenthal D, Pippi M, Palumbo B, Gobbi G, Pelliccioli G, Senin U. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can differentiate Alzheimer's disease from normal aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1997: 97; 9?14.
  36. Moore C, Breeze J, Kukes T. Effects of myo-inositol ingestion on human brain myo-inositol levels: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1197-1202
  37. Doraiswamy M, Charles H, Krishnan K. Prediction of cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1998;352: 1678.
  38. Valenzuela M, Sachdev P, Wen W, Shnier R, Brodaty H, Gillies D. Dual voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy elderly: subcortical-frontal axonal N-acetylaspartate levels are correlated with fluid cognitive abilities independent of structural brain changes. Neuroimage 2000;12:747?756.
  39. Wurtman R, Blusztajn J, Marie J. "Autocannibalism" of choline-containing membrane phospholipids in the pathogenesis of Alzheimerís disease. Neurochem Int 1985; 7:369?372.
  40. MacKay S, Ezekiel F, Di Sclafani V, Meyerhoff D, Gerson J, Norman D, Fein G, Weiner M. Alzheimerís disease and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia: evaluation by combining MR imaging segmentation and 1H MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1996; 198:537?545.
  41. Pfefferbaum A, Adalsteinsson E, Spielman D, Sullivan E, Lim K. In vivo brain concentrations of N-acetyl compounds, creatine, and choline in Alzheimer disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1999; 56:185?192.
  42. Tedeschi A, Bertolino N, Lundbom S, Bonavita N, Patronas J, Duyn L, Metman V, Chase T, Di Chiro G. Cortical and subcortical chemical pathology in Alzheimer's disease as assessed by multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, Neurology 1996; 47: 696?704.
  43. Mielke R, Schopphoff H, Kugel H, Pietrzyk U, Heindel W, Kessler J, Heiss W. Relation between 1H MR spectroscopic imaging and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Neurosci. 2001; 107: 233?245.
  44. Frederick B, Satlin A, Yurgelun-Todd D, Renshaw P. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Alzheimer's disease in the parietal and temporal lobes. Biol. Psychiatry 1997; 42: 147?150.
  45. Block W, Jessen F, Traber F, Flacke S, Manka C, Lamerichs R, Keller E, Heun R, Schild H. Regional N-acetyl aspartate reduction in the hippocampus detected with fast proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in patients with Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 2002; 59: 828?834
  46. Perry E, Tomlinson B, Blessed G, Bergmann K, Gibson P, Perry R. Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. BMJ 1978; 2:1457-1477
  47. Barany M, Chang Y, Arus C, Rustan T, Frey W: Increased glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine in postmortem Alzheimer's brain (letter). Lancet 1985; 1(8427):517
  48. Nitsch R, Blusztajn J, Pittas A, Slack B, Growdon J, Wurtman R. Evidence for a membrane defect in Alzheimer's disease brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1992;89:1671-1675
  49. Wurtman R: Choline metabolism as a basis for the selective vulnerability of cholinergic neurons. Transactions in Neuroscience 1992; 15:117-122
  50. Pettegrew J, Moossy J, Withers G, McKeag D, Panchalingam K. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the brain in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1988; 47:235?248.
  51. Brown G, Levine S, Gorell J, Pettegrew J, Gdowski J, Bueri J, Helpern J, Welch K. In vivo 31P NMR profiles of Alzheimer's disease and multiple subcortical infarct dementia. Neurology 1989; 39:1423?1427.
  52. Satlin A, Bodick N, Offen W, Renshaw P. Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in Alzheimerís disease: changes after treatment with xanomeline, an M1 selective cholinergic agonist. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1459-1461.
  53. Frederick B, Satlin A, Wald L, Hennen J, Bodick N, Renshaw P. Brain Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Alzheimer Disease: Changes After Treatment With Xanomeline. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2002; 10: 81-88
  54. Petrella J, Coleman R, Doraiswamy P. Neuroimaging and Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease: A Look to the Future. Radiology 2003; 226: 315-336
  55. Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P: Mini-Mental State : a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12:189?198.
  56. Miller B, Cummings J, Villanueva-Meyer J. Frontal lobe degeneration: clinical, neuropsychological and SPECT characteristics. Neurology 1991; 41: 1374-1382.
  57. Stout J, Jernigan T, Archibald S, Salmon D. Association of dementia severity with cortical gray matter and abnormal white matter volumes in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch. Neurol. 1996; 53: 742?749
  58. Takahashi S, Yonezawa H, Takahashi J, Kudo M, Inoue T, Tohg H. Selective reduction of diffusion anisotropy in white matter of Alzheimer disease brains measured by 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 2002; 332: 45?48.
  59. Chao L, Schuff N, Kramer J, Du A, Capizzano A, O?Neill J, Wolkowitz O, Jagust W, Chui H, Miller B, Yaffe K, Weiner W. Reduced medial temporal lobe N-acetylaspartate in cognitively impaired but nondemented patients. Neurology 2005; 64:282-289.
  60. Miller B, Moats R, Shonk T, Ernst T, Woolley S, Ross B. Alzheimer disease: depiction of increased cerebral myo-inositol with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1993; 187: 433-437.
  61. Shonk T, Moats R, Gifford P, Michaelis T, Mandigo J, Izumi J, Ross B. Probable Alzheimer disease: diagnosis with proton MR spectroscopy Radiology 1995; 195: 65-72
  62. Frederick B, Kyoon I, Satlin A, Heup K, Kim M, Yurgelun-Todd D, Cohen B, Renshaw P. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Progr. Neuropsychophar Biol Psych 2004; 128: 1313-1322
  63. Herminghaus S, Frölich L, Gorriz C, Pilatus U, Dierks T, Wittsack H, Lanfermann H, Maurer K, Zanella F. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia assessed by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psych. Res. Neuroimaging 2003; 123: 183-190
  64. Chantal S, Braun C, Bouchard R, Labelle M, Boulanger Y. Similar 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic metabolic pattern in the medial temporal lobes of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Brain Res 2004; 1003: 26-35
  65. Stokes C, Hawthorne J. Reduced phosphoinositide concentrations in anterior temporal cortex of Alzheimer-diseased brains. J Neurochem 48: 1018-1021, 1987
  66. Jolles J, Bothmer J, Markerink M, Ravid R. Phosphatidylinositol kinase is reduced in Alzheimer's disease J. Neurochem. 58 1992 2326- 2329
  67. Moats R, Shonk T. Evaluation of automated MR spectroscopy: application in Alzheimer disease. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16: 1779-1782
  68. Shonk T, Ross B. Role of increased cerebral myo-inositol in the dementia of Down syndrome. Magn Reson Med 1995;33:858-861
  69. Huang W, Alexander G, Daly E, Shetty U, Krasuski J, Rapoport S, Schapiro M. High Brain myo-Inositol Levels in the Predementia Phase of Alzheimerís Disease in Adults With Downís Syndrome: A 1H MRS Study. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1879-1886.
  70. Pollack S, Atack J, Knowles M, McAllister G, Ragan C, Baker R, Fletcher S, Iversen L, Broughton H. Mechanism of Inositol Monophosphatase, the Putative Target of Lithium Therapy . Proc Nat Acad Sci 1994;91: 5766-5770
  71. Jessen F, Block W, Träber F, Keller E, Flacke S, Lamerichs R, Schild H, Heun R. Decrease of N-acetylaspartate in the MTL correlates with cognitive decline of AD patients. Neurology 2001;57:930-932
  72. Chantal S, Labelle M, Bouchard R, J. Braun C, Boulanger Y. Correlation of Regional Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Metabolic Changes With Cognitive Deficits in Mild Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol. 2002; 59: 955-962.
  73. Kantarci K, Smith G, Ivnik R, Petersen R, Boeve B, Knopman D, Tangalos E, Jack C. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cognitive function, and apolipoprotein E genotype in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002; 8:934-42.
  74. Waldman A, Rai G. The relationship between cognitive impairment and in vivo metabolite ratios in patients with clinical Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuroradiology 2003;45:507-12.
  75. Martínez-Bisbal M, Arana E, Marti-Bonmati L, Molla E, Celda B. Cognitive impairment: classification by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11: 187-193
  76. Gabelli C. Rivastigmine: an update on therapeutic efficacy in Alzheimerís disease and other conditions. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:69-82
  77. Delagarza V. Pharmacologic Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An Update. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68: 1365-1372.
  78. Adler G, Brassen S, Chwalek K, Dieter B, Teufel M. Prediction of treatment response to rivastigmine in Alzheimer´s dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:292-294
  79. Rinne J, Kaasinen V, Järvenpää T, Någren K, Roivainen A, Yu M, Oikonen V, Kurki T. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimerís disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:113-115
  80. Bullock R. New drugs for Alzheimer´s disease and other dementias. Brit J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 135-139
  81. Christiansen P, Schlosser A, Henriksen O. Reduced N-acetylaspartate content in the frontal part of the brain in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Mag Res Imag 1995; 13:457-462
  82. Krishnan K, Charles H, Doraiswamy P, Mintzer J, Weisler R, Yu X, Perdomo C, Ieni J, Rogers S. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effects of Donepezil on Neuronal Markers and Hippocampal Volumes in Alzheimerís Disease. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160: 2003-2011.
  83. Kizu O, Yamada K, Ito H, Nishimura T. Posterior cingulate metabolic changes in frontotemporal lobar degeneration detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroradiology 2004; 46: 277-81.
  84. Brooks J, Roberts N, Kemp G, Gosney M, Lye M, Whitehouse G. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of age-related changes in frontal lobe metabolite concentrations. Cerebral Cortex 2001; 11:598-605
  85. Sijens P, den Heijer T, Origgi D, Vermeer S, Breteler M, Hofman A, Oudkerk M. Brain Changes with Aging: MR Spectroscopy at Supraventricular Plane Shows Differences between Women and Men. Radiology 2003;226:889-896
  86. Modrego P, Fayed N, Pina M. Convertion from mild cognitive impairment to probable Alzheimer´s Disease predicted by Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 667-675
Introducción
Methods
Discussion
Results
References

NOTA: Toda la información que se brinda en este artículo es de carácter investigativo y con fines académicos y de actualización para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. En ningún caso es de carácter general ni sustituye el asesoramiento de un médico. Ante cualquier duda que pueda tener sobre su estado de salud, consulte con su médico o especialista.





Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Elaborado por el Centro de Análisis de Imágenes Biomédicas Computarizadas CAIBCO,
caibco@ucv.ve
Este portal ha sido desarrollado gracias al apoyo del Fonacit