Octubre-Diciembre 2005 25
ISSN 1317-987X
 
Buscar




Artículos
 



Parasitología
Resposta imune anti-Leishmania e mecanismos de evasão

Referencias

1. Aga E, Katschinski DM, van Zandbergen G, Laufs H, Hansen B, Muller K, Solbach W, Laskay T. Inhibition of the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophil granulocytes by the intracellular parasite Leishmania major. The Journal of Immunology 2002; 169: 898-905.

2. Andrade ZA, Reed SG, Roters SB, Sadigursky M. Immunopathology of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Pathology 1984; 114: 137-148.

3. Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Yong EC, Brownell CE, Twardzik DR, Reed SG. Transforming growth factor  as a virulence mechanism for Leishmania braziliensis. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 1993; 90: 3442-3446.

4. Blanchette J, Racette N, Faure R, Siminovitch KA, Olivier M. Leishmania-induced increases in activation of macrophage SHP-I tyrosine phosphatase are associated with impaired IFN--triggered Jak2 activation. European Journal of Immunology 1999; 29: 3737-3744.

5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Vigilância epidemiológica das doenças transmissíveis. CARMO EH, editor. Brasília, DF, 2004. <http://portalweb02.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/lta.pdf> [Consulta: 15 jun. de 2005].

6. Brittingham A, Morrison CJ, McMaster WR, McGwire BS, Chang KP, Mosser DM. Role of the Leishmania surface protease gp63 in complement fixation, cell adhesion, and resistance to complement-mediated lysis. The Journal of Immunology 1995; 155: 3102-3111.

7. Dermine JF, Scianimanico S, Prive C, Descoteaux A, Desjardins M. Leishmania promastigotes require lipophosphoglycan to actively modulate the fusion properties of phagosomes at an early step of phagocytosis. Cellular Microbiology 2000; 2: 115-126.

8. Desjardins M, Descoteaux A. Inhibition of phagolysosomal biogenesis by the Leishmania lipophosphoglycan. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1997; 185: 2061-2068.

9. Dominguez M, Moreno I, Lopez-Trascasa M, Torano A. Complement interaction with trypanosomatid promastigotes in normal human serum. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2002; 195: 451-459.

10. Escomel E. La leishmaniose américaine et les leishmanioses en Amériques. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 1929; 22: 35-46.

11. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, Freed PW, Westcott JY, Henson PM. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2 and PAF. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998; 101: 890-898.

12. Forget G, Siminovitch KA, Brochu S, Rivest S, Radzioch D, Olivier M. Role of host phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-I in the development of murine Leishmaniasis. European Journal of Immunology 2001; 31: 3185-3196.

13. Giese NA, Gabriele L, Doherty TM, Klinman DM, Tadesse-Heath L, Contursi C, Epstein SL, Morse HC 3rd. Interferon (IFN) consensus sequence-bindg protein, a transcription factor of the IFN regulatory factor family, regulates immune responses in vivo through control of interleukin 12 expression. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1997; 186: 1535-1546.

14. Giorgione JR, Turco SJ, Epand RM. Transbilayer inhibition of protein kinase C by the lipophosphogycan from Leishmania donovani. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1996; 93: 11634-11639.

15. Ilg T, Demar M, Harbecke D. Phosphoglycan repeat-deficient Leishmania mexicana parasites remain infectious to macrophages and mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001; 276: 4988-4997.

16. Joshi PB, Kelly BL, Kamhawi S, Sacks DL, McMaster WR. Targeted gene deletion in Leishmania major identifies leishmanolysin (gp63) as a virulence factor. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 2002; 120: 33-40.

17. Kane MM, Mosser DM. The role of IL-10 in promoting disease progression in Leishmaniasis. The Journal of Immunology 2001; 166: 1141-1147.

18. Kaye PM, Rogers NJ, Curry AJ, Scott JC. Deficient expression of co-stimulatory molecules on Leishmania-infected macrophages. European Journal of Immunology 1994; 24: 2850-2854.

19. Lainson R, Shaw JJ, editores. The Leishmaniasis. London: Academic Press, 1987.

20. Laskay T, van Zandbergen G, Solbach W. Neutrophil granulocytes ? Trojan horses for Leishmania major and other intracellular microbes?. Trends in Microbiology 2003; 11: 210-214.

21. Laufs H, Muller K, Fleischer J, Reiling N, Jahnke N, Jensenius JC, Solbach W, Laskay T. Intracellular survival of Leishmania major in neutrophil granulocytes after uptake in the absence of heat-labile serum factors. Infection and Immunity 2002; 70: 826-835.

22. Laurenti MD, Orn A, Sinhorini IL, Corbett CE. The role of complement in the early phase of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection in BALB/c mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2004; 37: 427-434.

23. Luz ZMP, Pimenta DN, Cabral ALLV, Fiúza VOP, Rabello A. A urbanização das leishmanioses e a baixa resolutividade diagnóstica em municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2001; 34: 249-254.

24. Marsden PD. Mucosal leishmaniasis (?espundia?, Escomel, 1911). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1986; 80: 859-76.

25. McConville MJ, Turco SJ, Ferguson MA, Sacks DL. Developmental modification of lipophosphoglycan during the differentiation of Leishmania major promastigotes to an infectious stage. The EMBO Journal 1992; 11: 3593-3600.

26. McDowell MA, Sacks DL. Inhibition of host cell signal transduction by Leishmania: observations relevant to the selective impairment of IL-12 responses. Current Opinion in Microbiology 1999; 2: 438-443.

27. Meagher LC, Savill JS, Baker A, Fuller RW, Haslett C. Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils does not induce macrophage release of thromboxane B2. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1992; 52: 269-273.

28. Moore KJ, Labrecque S, Matlashewski G. Alteration of Leishmania donovani infection levels by selective impairment of macrophage signal transduction. The Journal of Immunology 1993; 150: 4457-4465.

29. Moore KJ, Turco SJ, Matlashewski G. Leishmania donovani infection enhances macrophage viability in the absence of exogenous growth factor. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1994; 55: 91-98.

30. Mosser DM, Edelson PJ. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Leishmania promastigotes: parasite lysis and attachment to macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 1984; 132: 1501-1505.

31. Muller K, van Zandbergen G, Hansen B, Laufs H, Jahnke N, Solbach W, Laskay T. Chemokines, natural killer cells and granulocytes in the early course of Leishmania major infection in mice. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2001; 190: 73-76.

32. Nathan C, Shiloh MU. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2000; 97: 8841-8848.

33. Olivier M, Brownsey RW, Reiner NE. Defective stimulus-response coupling in human monocytes infected with Leishmania donovani is associated with altered activation and translocation of protein kinase C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1992; 89: 7481-7485.

34. World Healthy Organization (2000). Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases. Anker M, Schaaf D, editores. <http://www.who.int/emc-documents/surveillance/docs/whocdscsrisr2001.html/Leishmaniasis/Leishmaniasis.htm> [Consulta: 27 ene. 2003]

35. Pessoa SB, Barreto MP. Leishmaniose tegumentar Americana. In: Ministério da Educação e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1948: 527.

36. Puentes SM, Da Silva RP, Sacks DL, Hammer CH, Joiner KA. Serum resistance of metacyclic stage Leishmania major promastigotes is due to release of C5b-9. The Journal of Immunology 1990; 145: 4311-4316.

37. Reiner NE, Ng W, McMaster WR. Parasite accessory cell interactions in murine leishmaniasis. II. Leishmania donovani supresses macrophage expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex gene products. The Journal of Immunology 1987; 138: 1926-1932.

38. Rittig MG, Bogdan C. Leishmania-host cell interaction: complexities and alternative views. Parasitology Today 2000; 16: 292-297.

39. Rodrigues VJr, Santana da Silva J, Campos-Neto A. Transforming growth factor beta and immunosuppression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Infection and Immunity 1998; 66: 1233-1236.

40. Sacks D, Sher A. Evasion of innate immunity by parasitic protozoa. Nature Immunology 2002; 3: 1041-1047.

41. Saha B, Tonkal AM, Croft S, Roy S. Mast cells at the host-pathogen interface: host-protection versus immune evasion in leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2004; 137: 19-23.

42. Sorensen AL, Hey AS, Kharazmi A. Leishmania major surface protease gp63 interferes with the function of human monocytes and neutrophils in vitro. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 1994; 102: 265-271.

43. Spath GF, Epstein L, Leader B, Singer SM, Avila HA, Turco SJ, Beverley SM. Lipophosphoglycan is a virulence factor distinct from related glycoconjugates in the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2000; 97: 9258-9263.

44. Sun EW, Shi YF. Apoptosis: the quiet death silences the immune system. Pharmacology & therapeutics 2001; 92: 135-145.

45. Sunderkotter C, Kunz M, Steinbrink K, Meinardus-Hager G, Goebeler M, Bildau H, Sorg C. Resistance of mice to experimental leishmaniasis is associated with more rapid appearance of mature macrophages in vitro and in vivo. The Journal of Immunology 1993; 151: 4891-4901.

46. Theodos CM, Titus RG. Salivary gland material from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis has an inhibitory effect on macrophage function in vitro. Parasite Immunology 1993; 15: 481-487, 1993.

47. Titus RG, Ribeiro JMC. Salivary gland lysates from sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhances Leishmania infectivity. Science 1988; 239: 1306-1308.

48. van Zandbergen G, Hermann N, Laufs H, Solbach W, Laskay T. Leishmania promastigotes release a granulocyte chemotactic factor and induce interleukin-8 release but inhibit gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 production by neutrophil granulocytes. Infection and Immunity 2002; 70: 4177-4184.

49. Venuprasad K, Banerjee PP, Chattopadhyay S, Sharma S, Pal S, Parab PB, Mitra D, Saha B. Human neutrophil expressed CD28 interacts with macrophage expressed B7 to induce IFN- and restrict Leishmania growth. The Journal of Immunology 2002; 169: 920-928.

50. von Stebut E, Udey MC. Requirements for Th1-dependent immunity against infection with Leishmania major. Microbes and Infection 2004; 6: 1102-1109.

51. Wright SD, Siverstein SC. Receptors for C3b and iC3b promote fagocytosis but not the release of toxic oxygen from human phagocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1983; 158: 2016-23.

52. Zambrano-Villa S, Rosales-Borjas D, Carrero JC, Ortiz-Ortiz L. How protozoan parasites evade the immune response. Trends in Parasitology 2002; 18: 272-278.
 
 

Agradecimentos

 

Ao Prof. Dr. Virmondes Rodrigues Júnior e à Dra. Cristina Wide Pissetti do Laboratório de Imunologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro pela revisão crítica do manuscrito e sugestões. LRCC é bolsista do Programa Demanda Social da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior do Brasil (CAPES-DS).

Introducción
O parasito
Evasão da resposta imune extracelular
Evasão da resposta imune intracelular
Modulação de Células Não-Alvo
Conclusão
Referencias

NOTA: Toda la información que se brinda en este artículo es de carácter investigativo y con fines académicos y de actualización para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. En ningún caso es de carácter general ni sustituye el asesoramiento de un médico. Ante cualquier duda que pueda tener sobre su estado de salud, consulte con su médico o especialista.





Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Elaborado por el Centro de Análisis de Imágenes Biomédicas Computarizadas CAIBCO,
caibco@ucv.ve
Este portal ha sido desarrollado gracias al apoyo del Fonacit