Expansión del tratamiento antirretrovial en entornos de recursos limitados
Referencias
Palella
FJ, Jr., Deloria-Knoll M, Chmiel JS, Moorman AC, Wood KC, Greenberg
AE, Holmberg SD. Survival benefit of initiating antiretroviral therapy
in HIV-infected persons in different CD4+ cell strata. Ann Intern Med.
Apr 15 2003;138(8):620-626.
Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Carpenter CC, Cooper DA, Fischl MA, Gatell JM, Gazzard
BG, Hirsch MS, Jacobsen DM, Katzenstein DA, Montaner JS, Richman DD, Saag
MS, Schechter M, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Vella S, Volberding PA.
Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: updated recommendations
of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Jama. Jul 10 2002;288(2):222-235.
DHHS.
Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and
adolescents. Available at: http://AIDSInfo.nih.gov/guidelines.
Badri
M, Wood R. Usefulness of total lymphocyte count in monitoring highly
active antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. Aids. Mar
7 2003;17(4):541-545.
Kumarasamy
N, Mahajan AP, Flanigan TP, Hemalatha R, Mayer KH, Carpenter CC, Thyagarajan
SP, Solomon S. Total lymphocyte count (TLC) is a useful tool for
the timing of opportunistic infection prophylaxis in India and other resource-constrained
countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Dec 1 2002;31(4):378-383.
Van
der Ryst E, Kotze M, Joubert G, Steyn M, Pieters H, van der Westhuizen M,
van Staden M, Venter C. Correlation among total lymphocyte count,
absolute CD4+ count, and CD4+ percentage in a group of HIV-1-infected South
African patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. Nov
1 1998;19(3):238-244.
Brettle RP. Correlation between total and CD4 lymphocyte counts in
HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. Sep 1997;8(9):597.
Beck EJ, Kupek EJ, Gompels MM, Pinching AJ. Correlation between total
and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV infection: not making the good an enemy of
the not so perfect. Int J STD AIDS. Oct 1996;7(6):422-428.
Fournier
AM, Sosenko JM. The relationship of total lymphocyte count to CD4
lymphocyte counts in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Am J Med Sci. Aug 1992;304(2):79-82.
Bang
LM, Scott LJ. Emtricitabine: an antiretroviral agent for HIV infection.
Drugs.2003;63(22):2413-2424; discussion 2425-2416.
Boubaker
K, Flepp M, Sudre P, Furrer H, Haensel A, Hirschel B, Boggian K, Chave JP,
Bernasconi E, Egger M, Opravil M, Rickenbach M, Francioli P, Telenti A.
Hyperlactatemia and antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin
Infect Dis. Dec 2001; 33 (11): 1931-1937.
Pollard
RB, Tierney C, Havlir D, Tebas P, Fox L, Smeaton L, Richman D, Friedland GH.
A phase II randomized study of the virologic and immunologic effect of zidovudine
+ stavudine versus stavudine alone and zidovudine + lamivudine in patients
with >300 CD4 cells who were antiretroviral naive (ACTG 298). AIDS
Res Hum Retroviruses. Jul 1 2002; 18(10):699-704.
Staszewski
S GJ, Pozniak AL, Suleiman JMAH, DeJesus E, Lu B, Sayre J, Cheng A. Efficacy
and safety of tenofovir DF versus stavudine when used in combination with
lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral naive patients: 96-week preliminary
interim results. Paper presented at: 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic
Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston , MA .
Gallant
JE, Deresinski S. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Clin Infect
Dis. Oct 1 2003;37(7):944-950.
Karras
A, Lafaurie M, Furco A, Bourgarit A, Droz D, Sereni D, Legendre C, Martinez
F, Molina JM. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency
virus-infected patients: three cases ofrenal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 15 2003;36(8):1070-1073.
Schaaf
B, Aries SP, Kramme E, Steinhoff J, Dalhoff K. Acute renal failure
associated with tenofovir treatment in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1 2003;37(3):e41-43.
Verhelst
D, Monge M, Meynard JL, Fouqueray B, Mougenot B, Girard PM, Ronco P, Rossert
J. Fanconi syndrome and renal failure induced by tenofovir: a first
case report. Am J Kidney Dis. Dec 2002;40(6):1331-1333.
Ena
J, Amador C, Benito C, Fenoll V, Pasquau F. Risk and determinants
of developing severe liver toxicity during therapy with nevirapine-and efavirenz-containing
regimens in HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS. Nov 2003;14(11):776-781.
Keiser
P, Nassar N, White C, Koen G, Moreno S. Comparison of nevirapine-
and efavirenzcontaining antiretroviral regimens in antiretroviral-naive patients:
a cohort study. HIV Clin Trials. Jul-Aug 2002;3(4):296-303.
Keiser
P, Nassar N, Yazdani B, Armas L, Moreno S. Comparison of efficacy
of efavirenz and nevirapine: lessons learned for cohort analysis in light
of the 2NN Study. HIV Clin Trials. Sep-Oct 2003;4(5):358-360.
Law WP, Dore GJ, Duncombe CJ, Mahanontharit A, Boyd MA, Ruxrungtham K, Lange
JM, Phanuphak P, Cooper DA. Risk of severe hepatotoxicity associated
with antiretroviral therapy in the HIVNAT Cohort, Thailand, 1996-2001. Aids.
Oct 17 2003;17(15):2191-2199.
Martin-Carbonero
L, Nunez M, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Incidence of liver injury
after beginning antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz or nevirapine. HIV
Clin Trials. Mar-Apr 2003;4(2):115-120.
Moyle
GJ. NNRTI choice: has 2NN changed our practice? AIDS Read. Jul
2003;13(7):325-328.
Van
Leth F HE, Phanuphak P, Miller S, Gazzard B, Cahn P, Wood R, Squires K, Katlama
C, Santos B, Robinson P, van Leeuwen R, Wit F, Lange J. Results of
the 2NN study: a randomized comparative trial of first-line antiretroviral
therapy with regimens containing either nevirapine alone, efavirenz alone,
or both drugs combined, together with stavudine and lamivudine. Paper presented
at: 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February
10-14, 2003; Boston , MA
Hirsch MS, Brun-Vezinet
F, Clotet B, Conway B, Kuritzkes DR, D'Aquila RT, Demeter LM, Hammer SM, Johnson
VA , Loveday C, Mellors JW, Jacobsen DM, Richman DD. Antiretroviral
drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus
type 1: 2003 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Clin
Infect Dis. Jul 1 2003;37(1):113-128.
Walmsley
S, Bernstein B, King M, Arribas J, Beall G, Ruane P, Johnson M, Johnson D,
Lalonde R, Japour A, Brun S, Sun E. Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir
for the initial treatment of HIV infection. N Engl J Med. Jun 27
2002;346(26):2039-2046.
Sanne
I, Piliero P, Squires K, Thiry A, Schnittman S. Results of a phase
2 clinical trial at 48 weeks (AI424-007): a dose-ranging, safety, and efficacy
comparative trial of atazanavir at three doses in combination with didanosine
and stavudine in antiretroviral-naive subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic
Syndr. Jan 1 2003;32(1):18-29.
Haas
DW, Zala C, Schrader S, Piliero P, Jaeger H, Nunes D, Thiry A, Schnittman
S, Sension M. Therapy with atazanavir plus saquinavir in patients
failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized comparative pilot
trial. Aids. Jun 13 2003;17(9):1339-1349.
Gulick
RM RH, Shikuma CM, Lustgarten S, Meyer WA, Klingman K, Squires KE, Snyder
S, Kuritzkes DR. ACTG 5095: a comparative sutdy of 3 protease inhibitor-sparing
antiretroviral regimens for the initial treatment of HIV infection. Paper
presented at: 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; July 13-16,
2003; Paris , FR.
Gallant
JE RA, Weinberg W, Young B, Berger D, Lim ML, Liao Q, Ross L, Johnson J, Shaefer
MS. Early non-response to tenofovir DF and abacavir and lamivudine
in a randomized trial compared to efavirenz + ABC and 3TC: ESS30009 unplanned
interim analysis. Paper presented at: 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003; Chicago , IL .
Gilead
. High rate of virologic failure in patients with HIV infection treated
with once daily triple NRTI regimen containing didanosine, lamivudine, and
tenofovir; 2003.
Gerstoft
J, Kirk O, Obel N, Pedersen C, Mathiesen L, Nielsen H, Katzenstein TL, Lundgren
JD. Low efficacy and high frequency of adverse events in a randomized
trial of the triple nucleoside regimen abacavir, stavudine and didanosine.
Aids. Sep 26 2003; 17 (14): 2045-2052.
Havlir
D, Vella S, Hammer S. The Global HIV Drug Resistance Surveillance
Program: a partnership between WHO and IAS. International AIDS Society. Aids.
Jul 5 2002; 16 (10): 7-9.
UNAIDS.
AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2003 (in press)
Adje-Toure
CA, Cheingsong R, Garcia-Lerma JG, et al. Antiretroviral therapy
in HIV-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, CD4+ cell counts,
and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in Abidjan , Cote d'Ivoire
. AIDS 2003; 17(suppl 3):S49-S54.
Van
der Ende ME, Prins JM, Brinkman K, et al. Clinical, immunological
and virological response to different antiretroviral regimens in a cohort
of HIV-2-infected patients. AIDS 2003;17(suppl 3):S55-S61.
Smith
NA, Shaw T, Berry N, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV-2-infected
patients. J Infect 2001;42:126-33.
Adherence to HAART and its principal determinants in a cohort of Senegalese
adults. AIDS 2003, 17 (suppl 3):S103-S108.
Access to antiretroviral drugs and AIDS management in Senegal . AIDS 2003,
17 (suppl 3):S95-S101
Wade
AM, Ades AE. Age-related reference ranges: significance tests for
models and confidence intervals for centiles. Stat Med 1994;13:2359-67.
Shearer
WT, Rosenblatt HM, Gelman RS, et al. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy
children from birth through 18 years of age: the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials
Group P1009 Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, in press.
Embree
J, Bwayo J, Nagelkerke N, et al. Lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency
virus type 1-infected and uninfected children in Nairobi . Pediatr Infect
Dis J 2001;20:397-403.
Mofenson
LM, Harris DR , Moye J, et al. Alternatives to HIV-1 RNA concentration
and CD4 count to predict mortality in HIV-1-infected children in resource-poor
settings. Lancet 2003, in press.
European
Collaborative Study. Gender and race do not alter early-life determinants
of clinical disease progression in HIV-1 vertically infected children. AIDS
2003, in press.
Gortmaker
SL, Hughes M, Cervia J, et al. Effect of combination therapy including
protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with
HIV-1. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1522-8.
De
Martino M, Tovo P-A, Balducci M, et al. Reduction in mortality with
availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection.
JAMA 2000;284:190-7.
Eshleman
SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, et al. Selection and fading of resistance
mutations in women and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical
transmission (HIVNET 012). AIDS 2001;184:914-7.
Mandelbrot
L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Rekacewicz C, et al. Lamivudine-zidovudine
combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. JAMA
2001; 285: 2083-93.
Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, McKinney RE, et al. Treatment mediated changes
in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA and CD4 cell counts as predictors
of weight growth failure, cognitive decline, and survival in HIV-infected
children. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1385-93.
Verweel
G, van Rossum AMC, Hartwig NG, et al. Treatment with highly active
antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children
is associated with a sustained effect on growth. Pediatrics 2002;109 (2):
URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/109/2/e25.
Saulsbury
FT. Resolution of organ-specific complications of human immunodeficiency
virus infection in children with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:464-8
McCoig
C, Castrejon MM, Castano E, et al. Effect of combination antiretroviral
therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA, HIV resistance, and clinical manifestations
of encephalopathy. J Pediatr 2002;141:36-44.
Stern
JO, Love JT, Robinson, PA, et al. Hepatic safety of nevirapine: Results
of the Boehringer Ingelheim Viramune Hepatic Safety Project. 14 th International
Conference on AIDS. Barcelona , Spain . July 7-12, 2002 (abstract LBOr15).
Imperiale SM, Stern JO, Love JT, et al. The VIRAMUNE (nevirapine)
hepatic safety project:analysis of symptomatic hepatic events. 4 th International
Workshop on Adverse Events and Lipodystrophy in HIV. San Diego , CA. September
22-25, 2002 (abstract 87).
Stern
JO, Robinson PA, Love JT, et al. A comprehensive hepatic safety analysis
of nevirapine in different populations of HIV infected patients. JAIDS 2003;34:S21-33.
Boehringer-Ingelheim
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Viramune drug label. Revised June 20, 2003.
Lyons
F, Hopkins S, McGeary A et al. Nevirapine tolerability in HIV infected
women in pregnancy – A word of caution. 2 nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis
and Treatment. Paris , France . July 13-16, 2003 (late breaker).
Langlet
P, Guillaume M-P, Devriendt J, et al. Fatal liver failure associated
with nevirapine in a pregnant HIV patient: the first reported case. Gastroenterol
2000;118 (suppl 2):Abs 6623 (101 st Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological
Association, San Diego , May 21-24, 2000).
Eshleman
SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, et al. Selection and fading of resistance
mutations in women and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical
transmission (HIVNET 012). AIDS 2001;184:914-7.
Mandelbrot
L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Rekacewicz C, et al. Lamivudine-zidovudine
combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. JAMA
2001; 285: 2083-93.
Sullivan
J. South African Intrapartum Nevirapine Trial: selection of resistance
mutations. XIV International Conference on AIDS. Barcelona , Spain , July
7-12, 2002 (Abs. LbPeB9024).
Cunningham
C,K, Chaix ML, Rackacewicz C, et al. Development of resistance mutations
in women receiving standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum
nevirapine to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission:
a substudy of Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 316. J Infect
Dis 2002; 186:181-8.
Chaowanachan
T, Chotpitayasunondh T, Vanprapar N, et al. Resistance mutations
following a single-dose intrapartum administration of nevirapine to HIV-infected
Thai women and their infants receiving short-course zidovudine. 10 th Conference
on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston , MA , February 10-14,
2003 (Abs. 855).
Giuliano
M, Palmisano L, Galluzzo CM, et al. Selection of resistance mutations
in pregnant women receiving zidovudine and lamivudine to prevent HIV perinatal
transmission. AIDS 2003;17:1570-1.
Santoro-Lopes
G. de Pinho AM. Harrison LH. Schechter M. Reduced risk of tuberculosis
among Brazilian patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Infectious
Diseases. 34(4):543-6, 2002.
Giarardi
E, Antonucci G, Vanacore P et al. Impact of combination
antireteroviral therapy on the risk of tuberculosis among persons with HIV
infection. AIDS; 14:1985-91, 2000
Badri
M, Wilson D, Wood R. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy
on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa : a cohort study. Lancet;359:2059-64,
2002
Harvard
University. Consensus statement on antiretroviral treatment for AIDS
in poor countries, Boston , Harvard University , 2001.
Burman
WJ. Jones BE. Treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis in the era of
effective antiretroviral therapy. American Journal of Respiratory &
Critical Care Medicine. 164(1):7-12, 2001.
Wagner
KR. Bishai WR. Issues in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS. 15 Suppl
5:S203-12, 2001.
Havlir
DV. Barnes PF. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency
virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 340(5):367-73, 1999
Dean
GL. Edwards SG. Ives NJ . Matthews G. Fox EF. Navaratne L. Fisher M. Taylor
GP. Miller R. Taylor CB. de Ruiter A. Pozniak AL. Treatment of tuberculosis
in HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS. 16(1):75-83, 2002.
Lopez-Cortes
L, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions
between efavirenz and rifampin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis.
Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41:681-690.
Patel A, Patel K, Patel J, et al. To study the safety and
antiretroviral efficacy of rifampicin and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naïve
tuberculosis co-infected HIV-1 patients in India . X Conference on Retroviruses
and Opportunistic Infections, Boston , MA . 2003: abstract 138.
Pedral-Samapio
D, Alves C, Netto E, et al. Efficacy of efavirenz 600 mg dose in
the ARV therapy regimen for HIV patients receiving rifampicin in the treatment
of tuberculosis. X Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections,
Boston , MA . 2003: abstract 784.
Dean
G, Back D, de Ruiter A. Effect of tuberculosis therapy on nevirapine
trough plasma concentration (correspondence). AIDS 1999;13:2489-2490.
Ribera
E, Pou L, Lopez RM, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevaripine
and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune
Defic Synr 2001; 28:450-453.
Olivia
J, Moreno S, Sanz J, et al. Co-administration of rifampin and nevirapine
in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis (correspondence). AIDS 2003;17:637-642.
Ribera E., Azuaje C., Montero F. Saquinavir, ritonavir, didanosine,
and lamivudine in a once daily regimen for HIV infection in patients with
rifampin-containing antituberculosis treatment. XVI International AIDS Conference.
Barcelona , Spain 2002. abstract ThPeB7280
La
Porte C , Colbers E, Bertz R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of two adjusted
dose regimens of lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with rifampin in healthy
volunteers. 42 nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,
San Diego , CA 2002: abstract #A-1823.
Narita
M, Ashkin D, Hollander E, Pitchenik A. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis
following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 158:157-161 . 1998
Harries
AD. Hargreaves NJ . Kemp J. Jindani A. Enarson DA. Maher D. Salaniponi FM.
Deaths from tuberculosis in sub-Saharan African countries with a high prevalence
of HIV-1. Lancet. 357(9267):1519-23, 2001.
Kityo C. A randomised trial of monitoring practice and structured
treatment interruptions in the management of antiretroviral therapy in adults
with HIV infection in Africa : The DART trial. 13 th International Conference
on AIDS and STIs in Africa (ICASA). Nairobi , Kenya 2003, abstract 1098933.
Staszewski
S, Keiser P, Montaner J, et al. Abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine vs
indinavirlamivudine-zidovudine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults:
A randomized equivalence trial. JAMA. 2001 Mar 7;285(9):1155-63.
Ibbotson
T, Perry CM. Lamivudine/zidovudine/abacavir: triple combination tablet.
Drugs . 2003; 63(11):1089-98; discussion 1099-1100.
NOTA:Toda la información que se brinda en este artículo es de carácter investigativo y con fines académicos y de actualización para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. En ningún caso es de carácter general ni sustituye el asesoramiento de un médico. Ante cualquier duda que pueda tener sobre su estado de salud, consulte con su médico o especialista.
Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Elaborado por el Centro de Análisis de Imágenes Biomédicas Computarizadas CAIBCO, caibco@ucv.ve
Este portal ha sido desarrollado gracias al apoyo del Fonacit